In anticipation of tomorrow’s Australia Day holiday here in Australia, this guest post by John Carmody examines whether or not 26 January is really the most appropriate date for Australia Day. John Carmody is a Sydney-based writer on medical and cultural history and (in the interests of full disclosure) is closely related to the Stubborn Mule.
January 26 is a nettlesome date for the official celebration of the Australian nation and as a commemoration of our colonial foundation. Apart from the significant nuisance that it falls so close to the end of the holiday season when our minds and emotions are trying to deal with more pressing obligations, it really asks a serious philosophical and moral question.
For indigenous Australians, conscious of their fraught history since 1788, it is no cause for celebration at all. Understandably, they consider that it was the beginning of an invasion and see no reason to rejoice in it. White Australians and, indeed, all immigrants can only respect that attitude; but we must do that reflectively. The fact is that there are several distinct reasons to discard 26 January as that festive occasion.
The first point is that the date is not when the founding fleet arrived in Terra Australis: that was, rather, at Botany Bay on 19-20 January, 1788. It was only because the officers were so disillusioned by how little resemblance that coast bore to Joseph Banks’s glowing descriptions and because of an indifferent water supply, that Governor Arthur Phillip made a reconnaissance to Port Jackson (which Captain Cook had not entered) that the venture was transferred to Sydney Cove. Even then, in the afternoon of 26 January there was little time for formalities or any grander celebration than hoisting a flag and drinking the health of the King and the success of the colony with a few glasses of Porter, followed by the flourish provided by a round of rifle fire.
Just as members of Parliament do not become ministers when the Premier announces a new Cabinet, but only when sworn-in by the Governor, so it was not until 7 February that the Colony of New South Wales officially began. This was when the Judge-Advocate, David Collins, publicly read the commission to Phillip which King George III had issued on 25 April 1787. At least by early February tents had been erected and the marines’ band could provide some music and, when the official readings were completed, could intersperse a few bars of “God save the King” into the three rifle volleys which the marines produced.
Then, extending that festive atmosphere, as Manning Clark described it in his History of Australia, “After the ceremony, Phillip invited the officers to celebrate the occasion at a cold collation in his canvas house”. It all has a wonderfully Australian improvisatory feel about it, though for many of us that might not of itself be sufficient reason to change the date of the national day. The real reason, I think, is far more fundamental to our sense of our ethical selves.
This stems from what was included in Phillip’s royal instructions. Apart from requiring that there be a public reading of the commission which invested the governor with his considerable powers and at the same time gave detailed orders for the setting up of a court system, the King laid down some remarkable procedures covering the treatment of the native Australians. “You are to endeavour by every possible means to open an intercourse with the natives, and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all of our subjects to live in amity and kindness with them. And if any of our subjects shall wantonly destroy them, or give them any unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations, it is our will and pleasure that you cause such offenders to be brought to punishment according to the degree of the offence”. Thus, in June 1790, Phillip could report to the British government that, “the settlers have little to apprehend from the natives, against whom I have never thought any defence necessary”.
Immensely regrettable though it was that so many later settlers were ignorant of that royal command (perhaps feeling secure in their distance from Sydney, let alone from London), and even though there is no denying that those colonists considered that the land was theirs to usurp, official policy was benign in its general intent. There was none of the official barbarity of the Spanish South American colonies, for instance.
It could be the case, therefore, that a change of our celebration to 7 February might not only be a recognition that this is, historically, the more apt day but it might also be morally beneficial for us all. It should remind indigenous Australians of what might have been. Even more important, it could be a regular stimulus to our collective national conscience, an annual reminder of the sentiments which the Prime Minister expressed in Parliament in February 2008, and a spur to us all to a humbler and more worthy view of our history.
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John – an excellent article, and thankyou for agreeing to post it!
Numerous times I have wanted to read the actual commission, and have finally found it at
http://foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nsw2_doc_1787.pdf
While rather mundane, it is interesting in that there are words crossed out and replaced – which shows some of the feelings of the time.
For instance, the section you quoted above is the final version, not that which is redacted. According to the pdf linked, it was:
“You are to endeavour by every possible means to open an Intercourse with the Savages Natives and to conciliate their affections,” with “savages” scored out.
Other interesting redacts regard administration of religious freedoms – whole paragraphs crossed out!
Or, shock horror! The potential for sodomy is envisaged, but watered down per
And whereas from the great disproportion of Female Convicts, those of the Males, who are put under your Superintendance, it, appears advisable [REDACT STARTS HERE and necessary not only for the preservation of decency and good order, but for attending to domestic exercises END REDACT] that a further number of the latter should be introduced into the new…
Thanks again for both the article, and for motivating me to find foundingdocs.gov.au
BernardK foundingdocs.gov.au is an excellent find. I will update the post with a link, thanks.
Interstingly, the commission is the only one on the nsw page of founding docs where an actual copy has not been found. The text is taken from drafts in British archives, hence the scribblings out!
….more importantly Australia did not become ‘Australia’ until 1901. Aren’t we celebrating New South Wales Day?
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…had been thinking along the lines of Nic M … however, we are really celebrating the date or ceremonial date (cf Queens Birthday or Christmas) of just one stage in the procession of inhabitation of Sydney Cove/Sydney/NSW/Australia … this time by a group strong enough to lord it over the incumbents and establish a new “order”.
I am wondering whether we would continue to celebrate this event if we become a republic some time?
Do South Africa, India, Canada, USA, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malay(si)a etc. celebrate the day the British/Dutch/Spanish etc colonised those lands ???
Finally, do we really need to see the proliferation of Australia Day decorations on sale in supermarkets and department stores . . like Xmas and Easter marketing extravaganzas??
For my druthers, Australia Day will continue to be a quiet day of celebrating and giving ALL of our forebears thanks for our great lives downunder, our great standard of living and our wonderful families and their futures!
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Thanks for the history – very useful as I am writing a book on the Amazing People of Sydney due out later this year as mentioned at http://myamazingpeople.com/2010/01/26/australia-day-convicts-and-colonials/
Good article. Many indigenous Australians call it “Survival Day” instead.
Some interesting points Jack – although unlikely in the current political climate; it deserves to at least be discussed !
One perceived negative could be that the new ‘Australia Day’ would be only one day after New Zealand’s Waitangi Day – on the other hand it could be sold as a Trans-Tasman super-long-weekend !
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangi_Day
It’s interesting that the word ‘Australia’ doesn’t appear anywhere in the proclamation document – as Nic M says it really should be re-named New South Wales Day – although the real Australia Day would then be January 1st which would be a terrible waste of a public holiday. Reading between the lines, even the referenda were held on different dates in the 4 colonies so we can’t even use that date ! Maybe March 16th, when (in 1898) the Australasian Federal Convention finally agreed on a bill ?
http://naa.gov.au/collection/explore/federation/index.aspx
Duncan: New Australia Day March 16th, St Patricks Day March 17th – I like your thinking!.
Shame! look at the living condition of indigenous people now. Who cares? U came, U killed, U now enjoy other people’s land and gave it a new name Australia. Sadly, it also happened to all the other third world nations. Don’t u feel ashamed? U thief.
Thanks for such an interesting post. I enjoyed reading about the history behind Australia Day.
The history is fine, and the dates are garbled, so let’s have the public holiday on the last Monday in January, so we all get a 3-day break without the need to chuck a sickie.
And while we’re at it, lets call it National Sorry Day, ’cause we’re all sorry we have to go back to work or school the next day, sorry we burnt the snags on the barbie, sorry we got full as a tick, sorry we got sunburnt again, and sorry for all the “sorry bastards” who don’t know how to enjoy a day off!